On the security of seas with special regard to the Gulf of Guinea
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35926/HSZ.2021.1.4Keywords:
sea terrorism, piracy, Niger Delta uprising, 2050 Africa’s Integrated Maritime Strategy, Yaounde AgreementAbstract
The security of maritime transportation – especially in the case of Africa – seems far to be from Hungarian public interest or the daily missions of defence organisations and law enforcement agencies. However, the southern orientation of the national foreign and foreign-trade policies, and the NATO and EU-membership of Hungary necessitate the evaluation of our security in a wider context. The Gulf of Guinea has grown into the most dangerous regions from piracy’s aspect in the past few years. Moreover, the magnitude and social embeddedness of organised crime and illegal drug trafficking is also worrying because they are in connection with and support the struggle of extremist organisations in Nigeria and the Sahel, undermining the functionality of the states in that region. For the Hungarian Defence Forces, playing an increasingly important role in Mali, it is important to have these groups isolated from their resources, get them marginalised, and have the security preconditions of a lasting settlement of conflicts established.
References
Africa’s Integrated Maritime Strategy 2050 (AIMS 2050). African Union, 2012. https://cggrps.com/wp-content/uploads/2050-AIM-Strategy_EN.pdf
Africa Maritime Law Enforcement Partnership (AMLEP) Program. United States Africa Comand. https://www.africom.mil/what-we-do/security-cooperation/africa-maritime-law-enforcementpartnership-amlep-program
Andritsos, Fivos: Port Security & Access Control – A systemic approach. Conference Paper, 07. 2013. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fivos_Andritsos/publication/249009738_Port_Security_Access_Control_a_Systemic_Approach/links/00b7d51e287817956d000000/Port-Security-Access-Controla-Systemic-Approach.pdf
Bálint Tamás – Zsitkó Mariann: A Niger-delta Felszabadítási Mozgalom (MEND). In: Kiss Álmos Péter (szerk.): Afrikai terrorista és szakadár szervezetek. HVK Tudományos Kutatóhely – NKE, Budapest, 2016, 319–339.
Code of Conduct Concerning the Repression of Piracy, Armed Robbery against Ships and Illicit Maritime Activity in West and Central Africa. 25. 06. 2013. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/WestAfrica/Documents/code_of_conduct%20signed%20from%20ECOWAS%20site.pdf
Dirk, Steffen: A Niger Delta militant group declares war on the Nigerian Navy. Center for International Maritime Security, 30. 04. 2016. http://cimsec.org/niger-delta-militant-group-declares-war-nigeriannavy/24958
Dirk, Steffen: West African navies coming of age? Center for International Maritime Security, 07. 03 2016. http://cimsec.org/coming-of-age-of-the-west-african-navies/22919
EU Maritime Security Factsheet: The Gulf of Guinea. EU External Action, 29. 10. 2018. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/52490/eu-maritime-security-factsheet-gulf-guinea_en
European Union Maritime Security Strategy. Council of the European Union, 24. 06. 2014. http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%2011205%202014%20INIT
Four Dead, Three Kidnapped in Nigerian Pirate Attack. The Maritime Executive, 05. 01. 2020. https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/four-dead-three-kidnapped-in-nigerian-pirate-attack
Goodman, Amy: Analysis: Somalia Piracy Began in Response to Illegal Fishing and Toxic Dumping by Western Ships off Somali Coast. Democracy Now, 14. 04. 2009. https://www.democracynow.org/2009/4/14/analysis_somalia_piracy_began_in_response
Greenberg, Michael D. – Chalk, Peter – Willis, Henry H. – Khilko, Ivan – Ortiz, David S.: Maritime Terrorism – Risk and Liability. RAND Corporation, 2006. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG520.pdf
Implementing sustainable maritime security measures in West and Central Africa. IMO, 01. 2014. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/WestAfrica/Documents/IMO%20WCA%20strategy%20January%202014.pdf
Konotey-Ahulu, Olivia: Pirates Now Prefer Human Hostages Over Ships And Cargo. Bloomberg, 20. 12. 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-20/pirates-now-prefer-human-hostagesover-ships-and-cargo
Kozera, Aleksander Cyprian: Black Holes of Insecurity – The North of Mali. In: Besenyő János – Marsai Viktor (eds.): The Dynamics of Conflicts in Africa in the Early 21st Century. Dialóg Campus, Budapest, 2018, 43–61. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Janos_Besenyo/publication/329626002_The_Dynamics_of_Conflicts_in_Africa_in_the_Early_21st_Century/links/5c1279ee4585157ac1c05575/The-Dynamics-of-Conflicts-in-Africa-in-the-Early-21st-Century.pdf
Lengyel Tamás (szerk.): Közlekedésföldrajz. http://geografus.elte.hu/web/tananyag/3/ipar/gy/kozlfoldrajz.pdf
Memorandum of Understanding on the Establishment of a Sub-Regional Integrated Coast Guard Function Network. https://iea.uoregon.edu/treaty-text/2008-mousubregionalcoastguardnetworkwestcentralafricaentxt
Østensen, Åse Gilje – Brady, Sheelagh – Schütte, Sofie Arjon: Capacity building for the Nigerian Navy: Eyes wide shut on corruption? U4 Issue 2018:4. Anti-corruption Resource Centre. https://www.u4.no/publications/capacity-building-for-the-nigerian-navy-eyes-wide-shut-on-corruption.pdf
Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships, Annual Report, 01. January – 31. December 2006. ICCIMB. https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2006_Annual_IMB_Piracy_Report.pdf
Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships, Annual Report, 01. January – 31. December 2018. ICC-IMB. https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2018_Annual_IMB_Piracy_Report.pdf
Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships, Annual Report, 01. January – 31. December 2019. ICCIMB. https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2019_Annual_Piracy_Report.pdf
Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships, Report for the Period. 01. January – 31. December 2019. ICC-IMB. https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2019_Annual_Piracy_Report.pdf
Review of Maritime Transport 2018. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2018_en.pdf
Rodrigue, Jean-Paul: Maritime Routes and Strategic Passages. In: Jean-Paul Rodrigue: The Geography of Transport Systems. Routledge, New York, 2020. https://transportgeography.org/wp-content/uploads/Map_Strategic_Passages.pdf
Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe – A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy. 06. 2016. https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf
Starr, Stephen: Maritime Piracy on the Rise in West Africa. Combating Terrorism Center Sentinel, 04. 2014. https://ctc.usma.edu/maritime-piracy-on-the-rise-in-west-africa
Varga Attila Ferenc: Nemzetközi küzdelem a szomáliai kalózkodás ellen. http://mhtt.eu/hadtudomany/2011/2011_elektronikus/2011_e_14.pdf
