Hybrid Warfare: Above or Below the Threshold of Armed Conflict? .
Kulcsszavak:
hybrid, conflict, war, International Humanitarian Law, Geneva ConventionsAbsztrakt
The term “hybrid” gained widespread use in military and political discourse; it grabbed the headlines and eventually reached the general public. We refer to “hybrid warfare” or “hybrid conflict”, most likely without fully comprehending the term’s meaning and
ramifications. The question is whether and when hybrid warfare should be regarded an armed attack that exceeds the threshold of damage and devastation caused by a kinetic action. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the consistency of the growing doctrine of hybrid warfare with current international (humanitarian) law, beginning with a lexical and logical analysis of the words.
Hivatkozások
• Austin, L. J. and Nad’, J. “Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III Welcomes Slovak Minister of Defence Jaroslav Nad’ to the Pentagon”. U.S. Department of Defense, Oct. 28, 2021. https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2826285/secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austiniii-welcomes-slovak-minister-of-defence-jar/source/secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austin-iiiwelcomes-slovak-minister-of-defence-jar, Accessed on 29 October 2021.
• Austin, L. J. and Reznikov, O. “Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III Remarks Welcoming Ukrainian Minister of Defense Oleksii Reznikov to the Pentagon”. DoD News. U.S. Department of Defense, 18 November 2021. https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2848065/secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austin-iii-remarks-welcoming-ukrainian-minister-of, Accessed on 19 November 2021.
• Bernal, A. et al. “Cognitive Warfare: An Attack on Truth and Thought”. Bruxelles: NATO, 2021. https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/Cognitive%20Warfare.pdf, Accessed on 20 October 2022.
• Claverie, B. et al. (eds.) “Cognitive Warfare: The Future of Cognitive Dominance”. Bruxelles: NATO Science and Technology Organization, 2022. https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Cognitive%20Warfare%20Symposium%20-%20ENSC%20-%20March%202022%20Publication.pdf, Accessed on 20 October 2022.
• “Conflict”. In Britannica Dictionary. https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/conflict, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• “Conflict”. In Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/conflict, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• “Conflict”. In Collins Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/conflict, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• “Conflict.” In Collins Dictionary Thesaurus. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/englishthesaurus/conflict, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• “Conflict”. In Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/conflict, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• “Conflict”. In Macmillan Dictionary. https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/conflict_1, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• “Conflict”. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conflict, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• “Conflict”. In Oxford Advanced American Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries. com/definition/american_english/conflict_1, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• “Conflict”. In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/conflict_1, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• “Conflict”. In Oxford Learner’s Dictionary of Academic English. https://www.oxfordlearners dictionaries.com/definition/academic/conflict1, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• Council of the EU and the European Council. “EU restrictive measures in response to the crisis in Ukraine”. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/restrictive-measures-ukrainecrisis, Accessed on 26 March 2022.
• European Commission. Communication on tackling online disinformation: a European Approach. COM (2018) 236 final. Brussels: EC. Apr. 26, 2018.
• European Commission. High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council Joint Framework on countering hybrid threats: A European Union response. JOIN (2016) 18 final. Brussels: EC. Apr. 6, 2016.
• European Commission. High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. Joint Report to the European Parliament and the Council on the implementation of the Joint Framework on countering hybrid threats: A European Union response. JOIN (2017) 30 final. Brussels: EC. July 19, 2017.
• European Commission. High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. Increasing resilience and bolstering capabilities to address hybrid threats. Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the European Council and the Council. JOIN (2018) 16 final. Brussels: EC. June 13, 2018.
• Garamone, J. “Esper Describes DOD’s Increased Cyber Offensive Strategy”. U.S. Department of Defense, Sept. 20, 2019. https://www.defense.gov/explore/story/Article/1966758/esper-describesdods-increased-cyber-offensive-strategy, Accessed on 21 September 2019.
• Garamone, J. “NATO Warns Russia of ‘Serious Consequences’ for Ukraine Actions”. DoD News, 1 December 2021. https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2858633/nato-warnsrussia-of-serious-consequences-for-ukraine-actions, Accessed on 2 December 2021.
• Giles, K. “Handbook of Russian Information Warfare (Fellowship Monograph 9)”. Rome: NATO Defense College, 2016. http://www.ndc.nato.int/news/news.php?icode=995, Accessed on 18 May 2020.
• Gorkowski, J. B. “US Information Operations in Large-Scale Combat Operations: Challenges and Implications for the Future Force”. In Vertuli, M. D. and Loudon, B. S. (eds.) Perceptions Are Reality: Historical Case Studies of Information Operations in Large-Scale Combat Operations. 17–30. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army University Press, 2016.
• House of Lords, Select Committee on the Constitution. 15th Report of Session 2005–06. Waging war: Parliament’s role and responsibility. Vol. I, HL Paper 236-I. London: The Stationery Office Limited, 2006. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldconst/255/255.pdf, Accessed on 27 March 2022.
• Juncker, J-C., Tusk, D., and Stoltenberg, J. “Joint Declaration by the President of the European Council, the President of the European Commission and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization”. Warsaw, Jul. 8, 2016. https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2016_07/20160708_160708-joint-NATO-EU-declaratio.pdf, Accessed on 30 March 2022.
• Kirby, J. F. “Readout of Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III’s Call With Polish Minister of National Defense Mariusz Błaszczak”. U.S. Department of Defense. Nov. 30, 2021. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2857573/readout-of-secretary-of-defense-lloyd-jaustin-iiis-call-with-polish-minister-o/source/readout-of-secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austin-iiiscall-with-polish-minister-o, Accessed on 1 December 2021.
• Macmillan Education Limited. “About Macmillan Dictionary”. https://www.macmillandictionary.com/about.html, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• Marsili, M. “Propaganda and International Relations: An Outlook in Wartime”. ArtCiencia.com 19. 2015, 1–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25770/artc.11095
• Marsili, M. “The War on Cyberterrorism”. Democracy and Security, 15/2. 2019, 172–199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2018.1496826
• Marsili, M. “From Battlefield to Political Arena. Shifting the Clausewitzian Paradigm”. Political Reflection, 7/2. (Issue 27) 2021, 19–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4554695
• Marsili, M. “The Russian Influence Strategy in its Contested Neighbourhood”. In Mölder H., Sazonov, V., Chochia, A. and Kerikmäe, T. (eds.), The Russian Federation in Global Information Warfare. Influence Operations in Europe and Its Neighborhood. Cham: Springer, 2021, 149–172. DOI: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-73955-3_8
• Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com. Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• National Library of Scotland. “First edition, 1773 – Encyclopaedia Britannica: or, A dictionary of arts and sciences, compiled upon a new plan”. https://digital.nls.uk/encyclopaedia-britannica/archive/144850365, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• NATO. “Brussels Summit Communiqué”. Press Release (2021) 086. NATO. June 14, 2021. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_185000.htm, Accessed on 24 March 2022.
• Oppenheim, L., II. International Law: A Treatise, edited by Hersch Lauterpacht. London: Longman, Greens, 1952.
• Pearson, J. Terms in Context (Studies in Corpus Linguistics). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1998.
• Permanent Representative of Estonia on behalf of Albania, Estonia, France, Ireland, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States. “Joint Statement on the Belarusian Authorities’ Activities with Regard to the Instrumentalization of Migrants”. Nov. 11, 2021. United States Mission to the United Nations. https://usun.usmission.gov/joint-statement-on-the-belarusian-authorities-activitieswith-regard-to-the-instrumentalization-of-migrants/, Accessed on 27 March 2022.
• Putin, V. “Address by the President of the Russian Federation”. The Kremlin. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843, Accessed on 26 March 2022.
• TASS. “Lavrov slams all-out sanctions spree, says West’s values ‘aren’t worth a red cent”. March 27, 2022. TASS. https://tass.com/politics/1427557, Accessed on 25 March 2022.
• Theohary, C. A. “Information Warfare: Issues for Congress” (CRS Report No. R45142), Version 5 updated. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. March 5, 2018. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45142/5, Accessed on 27 March 2022.
• Thomas, T. L. “Russian Views on Information-Based Warfare”. Airpower Journal, Special Edition. 2016, 25–35.
• U.S. Department of State. “How the United States is Holding Russia and Belarus Accountable”. https://www.state.gov/holding-russia-and-belarus-accountable, Accessed on 26 March 2022.
• U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. “The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962”. U.S. Department of State. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis, Accessed on 26 March 2022.
• U.S. Department of State, Office of the Spokesperson. “Secretary Antony J. Blinken and Latvian Foreign Minister Edgars Rinkēvičs at a Joint Press Availability”. U.S. Department of State, Nov. 30, 2021. https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-latvian-foreign-minister-edgars-rinkevicsat-a-joint-press-availability, Accessed on 1 December 2021.
• U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate, Concept Development Branch. Cognitive Warfare Solutions Workshop: After Action Report, 29–31 March 2022, Riga, Latvia.
• Use of Force Committee. “Final Report on the Meaning of Armed Conflict in International Law”. The Hague Conference, International Law Association, May 2010. http://www.rulac.org/assets/downloads/ILA_report_armed_conflict_2010.pdf, Accessed on 27 March 2022.
• Vergun, D. “China, Russia Pose Strategic Challenges for U.S., Allies, Admiral Says”. DoD News. U.S. Department of Defense, Aug. 12, 2021. https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2729519/china-russia-pose-strategic-challenges-for-us-allies-admiral-says, Accessed on 12 August 2021.
• Von der Leyen, U. “Statement by President von der Leyen on the situation at the border between Poland and Belarus”. Statement/21/5867. European Commission. Nov. 8, 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_21_5867, Accessed on 27 March 2022.
• “War”. In Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus. https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/war, Accessed on 25 March 2022.
