The Unique Environmental Features of the Arctic That Affect Military Capabilities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35926/HDR.2024.1-2.8Kulcsszavak:
arctic, polar warfare, geography, communication, droneAbsztrakt
The study explores the question of how the Arctic’s natural characteristics affect military capabilities and assets. It will show how the region-specific nature of some of the Earth’s subsystems (e.g., ionosphere or hydrosphere) impacts communications, warfare, and the use of submarines and drones. The study will highlight how many of the tools used in military operations, such as batteries and communications equipment, are significantly affected by the extreme Arctic environment. It also discusses the challenges that these natural conditions pose to specific military equipment (submarines, swarm drones) and the human aspects of warfare, such as calorie and water intake, the logistics of these, and medical aspects. The paper argues that military operations in the Arctic can only be successful if comprehensive, region-specific knowledge is available.
Hivatkozások
• An Autonomous Saft Battery Solution to Monitor the Seas despite Extreme Cold in the Svalbard Archipelago. Saft, [no year]. https://www.saft.com/case-studies/autonomous-saft-batterysolution-monitor-seas-despite-extreme-cold-svalbard-archipelago (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• 2nd Lt. Bedel, Nathan: Water Mitigation in the Arctic. Army Sustainment, Vol. 54, No. 4 (2022), 17–19.
• Beynon, Steve: Alaska Gets Rid of Strykers as Brigade Shifts to Air Assault. Military.com, 20 September 2022. https://www.military.com/daily-news/2022/09/20/alaska-gets-rid-ofstrykers-brigade-shifts-air-assault.html (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Boniface, Karen et al.: Europe’s Space Capabilities for the Benefit of the Arctic – Key Capabilities, Synergies and Societal Benefits. European Commission Joint Research Center, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2760/43511 (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Calais, Eric – Minster, J. Bernard – Hofton, Michelle – Hedlin, Michael: Ionospheric Signature of Surface Mine Blasts from Global Positioning System Measurements, Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 132, No. 1 (1998), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00438.x (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Chen, Chieh-Hung et al.: Resonant Signals in the Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling, Scientific Reports, Vol. 12, No. 14587 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18887-1 (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Cook, Emmanuelle – Barclay, David – Richards, Clark: Ambient Noise in the Canadian Arctic. In: Chircop, Aldo – (eds.): Governance of Arctic Shipping. Springer Polar Sciences, Springer, year, 105–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44975-9_6 (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Dabas, R. S.: Ionosphere and Its Influence on Radio Communications. Resonance, Vol. 5, 2000, 28–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02867245.
• European Commission: Funding & Tenders. EU Funding & Tenders Portal, 2023. https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/portal/screen/opportunities/topic-details/edf-2023-ra-sens-emsp (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Fitzgerald, T. Joseph: Observations of Total Electron Content Perturbations on GPS Signals Caused by a Ground Level Explosion, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 59, No. 7 (1997), 829–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(96)00105-8 (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Freedberg Jr., Sydney J.: Starlink, Skis and Frozen Batteries: Army Seeks “Bespoke” Kit for Arctic Warfare. Breaking Defense, 23 October 2023. https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2023/10/starlink-skis-and-frozen-batteries-army-seeks-bespoke-kit-forarctic-warfare/ (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Freitag, Lee – Koski, Peter – Morozov, Andrey – Singh, Sandipa – Partan, James: Acoustic Communications and Navigation under Arctic Ice. 2012 Oceans, IEEE, Hampton Roads, 2012. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2012.6405005 (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Hambling, David: How the Navy Punches a Nuclear Sub Through Arctic Ice. Popular Mechanics, 5 April 2018. https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/navy-ships/a19681544/how-asubmarine-surfaces-through-ice/ (Accessed: 26 April 2024).
• Hansen, Kathryn: Witness Incredible Phytoplankton Surge in Arctic Waters. SciTechDaily, 1 August 2020. https://scitechdaily.com/witness-incredible-phytoplankton-surge-in-arcticwaters/ (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Hardik, Prajapati: Satellites. Skyline Academy, 2 December 2022. https://skylineacademy.in/satellites/ (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Hoeher, Peter Adam – Sticklus, Jan – Harlakin, Andrej: Underwater Optical Wireless Communications in Swarm Robotics: A Tutorial. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 23, No. 4 (2021), 2630–2659. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2021.3111984 (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Kutschale, Henry: Arctic Hydroacoustics. Arctic – Journal of The Arctic Institute of North America, Vol. 22, No. 3 (1969), 246–264. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic3218 (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• LaGrone, Sam: Lockheed, Coast Guard Tackling Problem of Arctic Communication. USNI News, 21 August 2014. https://news.usni.org/2014/08/21/lockheed-coast-guard-tackling-problemarctic-communication (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Col. Leblanc, Pierre: The Need for Underwater Surveillance in the Arctic. Vanguard, 6 December 2021. https://vanguardcanada.com/the-need-for-underwater-surveillance-in-thearctic/ (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Lyon, Waldo K.: Submarine Combat in the Ice. Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 118, No. 2 (1992). https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1992/february/submarine-combat-ice (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Mi a szcintilláció a műholdas kommunikációban? Globalpartners.com, [no year]. https://gobertpartners.com/what-is-scintillation-in-satellite-communication (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Mills, Walker D.: Solving Communications Gaps in the Arctic with Balloons. Center for International Maritime Security, 23 August 2021. https://cimsec.org/solving-communicationsgaps-in-the-arctic-with-balloons/ (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Montain, Scott J. – Ely, Matthew: Water Requirements and Soldier Hydration. Borden Institute, Borden Institute Monograph Series, Natick, Massachusetts, 2010.
• NATO Standardization Office: Requirements of Individual Operational Rations for Military Use, Allied Medical Publication. Brussel, 2019, 2–3. https://www.coemed.org/files/stanags/03AMEDP/AMedP-1.11_EDB_V1_E_2937.pdf (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Noh, Min Kyung – Lim, Hyung-Gyu – Yang, Eun Jin – Kug, Jong-Seong: Emergent Constraint for Future Decline in Arctic Phytoplankton Concentration. Earth’s Future, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF003427 (Accessed: 26 April 2024).
• Pedersen, Torbjørn: Polar Research and the Secrets of the Arctic. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 10, 2019, 103–129. https://doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v10.1501 (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Rainbow, Jason: Arctic Connectivity Competition Is Heating Up. SpaceNews, 13 May 2022. https://spacenews.com/arctic-connectivity-competition-is-heating-up/ (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Razik, Sebastian: How Magnetics and Granulometry of Continental Margin Sediments Reflect Terrestrial and Marine Environments of South America and West Africa. Dissertation, Faculty of Geosciences of the Bremen University, 2014.
• Capt. Rojas, Oscar: Navy EOD: Clearing the Arctic’s Sea Lanes for Our Fleet and Nation. America’s Navy, 19 September 2019. https://www.navy.mil/DesktopModules/ArticleCS/Print.aspx?PortalId=1&ModuleId=866&Article=2268193 (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Sasmal, Sudipta et al.: Lithosphere Atmosphere Ionosphere Coupling Mechanism: A Multi-Dimensional Overview. SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System, 2021. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021cosp...43E.575S/abstract (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Seifert, Miriam – Rost, Björn – Trimborn, Scarlett – Hauck, Judith: Meta-Analysis of Multiple Driver Effects on Marine Phytoplankton Highlights Modulating Role of pCO2. Global Change Biology, Vol. 26, No. 12 (2020). 6787–6804. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15341 (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Temperature in the Arctic Circle: Facts & Information. Poseidon Expeditions, [no year]. https://poseidonexpeditions.com/about/articles/temperature-in-arctic-circle/ (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• The White House: National Strategy for the Arctic Region. Washington D.C., 2022.
• Total Electron Content. Space Weather Prediction Center, [no year]. https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/total-electron-content (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Trevithick, Joseph: Army Faces Fight Just To Survive In the Arctic. The Warzone, 17 October 2023. https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/army-faces-fight-just-to-survive-in-the-arctic (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• United States Coast Guard: Arctic Strategic Outlook. [PDF] Washington D.C., 2019. https://www.uscg.mil/Portals/0/Images/arctic/Arctic_Strategy_Book_APR_2019.pdf (Accessed: 26 June
.
• Worcester, Peter F. – Ballard, Megan S.: Ocean Acoustics in the Changing Arctic. Physics Today, Vol. 73, No. 12 (2020), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4635 (Accessed: 26 June 2024).
• Xi, Hui et al.: Spatial and Temporal Variations of Polar Ionospheric Total Electron Content Over Nearly Thirteen Years. Sensors, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020540.
